Infectious disesae --- Final written exam on date Dec 7 2007

1.What is an infection disease?

• Any disease or illnesses caused by microbes, bacteria or viruses that can be transmitted from person to person or from organism to organism are called infectious disease

2.What is a virus? Describe the structure of a enveloped virus.

3.How do you classify bacteria according to shape?

It depending on shape they are classified as :

• Coccus (sphere) staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus (rod) salmonella typhi
• Spirillum (spiral) campylobacter jejuni

4.Give a short description of sexual and asexual reproduce in fungi.

• asexual reproduction: is the production of spores , spores are reproductive cells that are capable of growing into an individual organism.

• sexual reproduction: it involves the formation of a cell with two haploid nuclei called a dikaryotic cell , dikaryotic cells may be formed by the fusion of two different hyphae ,the two nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote and meiosis produces either four haploid nuclei or four haploid cells

5.Explain how entamoeba histolytica cause dysentery in humans.

• Cysts excreted in feces can be transmitted directly from hand to mouth or indirectly through fecally contaminated food and water
  

• Upon ingestion the cysts pass through the stomach and excyst in the lower portion of the small intestine. Excystation involves a disruption of the cyst wall and an ameba produces eight small uninucleated trophozoites. These immature trophozoites colonize the large intestine, especially the cecal and sigmoid rectal regions, where they feed on bacteria and cellular debris and undergo repeated rounds of binary fission. Entamoeba causes dysentery, (bloody diarrhea, intestinal pain and fever),some types of Salmonella, some types of Shigella, and Yersinia

6.Write a short note about anaerobic infections.

• An anaerobic infections is by bacteria (called anaerobes) which can't grow in the presence of oxygen , anaerobic bacteria can infect deep wounds , deep tissues and internal organs ,these infections are characterized by abscess formation , foul-smelling pus and tissue destruction.

7.What are Rickettsiae? Give an example of a disease caused by Rickettsiae.

• Rickettsiae are gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host.

• Rickettsiae are a diverse collection of intracellular Gram-negative bacteria found in ticks, fleas, mites and mammals. These pathogens cause infections that disseminate in the blood to many organs.

• Disease : Typhus (R. prowazekii ) , Rocky Mountain spotted fever(R. rickettsii)

8. How can cross infections occur in practice of acupuncture?

• Cross infections may be acquired by the practitioner as well as patients and the office personnel. They may be acquired directly - from contact between patient and practitioner. They may also be acquired by transfer – carried from one patient to another on the unwashed hands of the practitioner.

9.Explain three general modes of transmission of microoganism in the practice of acupuncture.

• Direct contact - disease is spread by direct touching ( body fluids of Hepatitis B patient)by the practitioner during treatment

• Blood borne - disease is spread by blood and blood products , when needles infected by HIV patients

• Airborne - disease is spread through air , enter the patient's skin through needle prick injury

10.What are 2 characteristics of a microorganism are responsible for its pathogenicity?

• Invasiveness - measure of the bacterium's ability to grow inside the host

• Toxigenicity - measure the capacity of the bacterium to produce toxins(chemical subatances) that cause damage to the host
  

11.List some viral and bacterial diseases that can be transmitted to normal hosts by acupuncture?

• Viral: Hepatitis B, HIV(AIDS)
• Bacterial: Syphilis, Eg Peritonitis , streptococcus pneumoniae(cause pnuemonia)