Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine ---- Assignment Dec 7 , 2007

1. Please explain the principles of prevention of TCM and list some preventive methods as well

TCM regards "healthy energy" as the general defense mechanism against infectious disease,The concept of holism is a main characteristic of TCM immunology,The correlations between the organs and tissues, as well as the human person and the living environments, are organized according to specific orders, which give rise to mutual balance between each physiological function. This integral stability and harmony is the root of disease defense and health maintenance. Any disturbances in this equilibrium will cause disease

When healthy energy is well stored inside the body, no evils can cause interference,imply that healthy energy is the body's natural resistance against disease, and disease is seen as the result of the disharmonious healthy energy within us. Occasionally, other TCM terms such as primordial qi , genuine qi , protective qi ,also refer to this kind of resistance. All of these embody the body's comprehensive immune functioning.

According to the yin yang theory, the body's yin and yang are regulated and adjusted continuously. Keeping yin and yang in equilibrium is an essential factor to carry on normal life activities. Once this equilibrium is disturbed, disease will result.

TCM uses different modulation methods, for example adjusting the body's yin and yang, qi (vital energy), blood or organ functions. They can rehabilitate the body to go from a hyper-functioning state to a normal state or from an under-functioning level back to a normal state. TCM has unique theories about this, categorizing the regulating properties into four actions; "to depress when stimulated", "to rise when collapsed", "to subdue when overwhelming" and "to nourish when deficient."

• Physical Exercises - Moderate and gentle-flowing activities are considered the best way to move qi and blood around the body for the purpose of protecting and nourishing every part of it, such as qi-gong exercise ba duan jin exercise
  
• A good like habits to taking care of the Body, Avoiding Over-exertion ,normal sleep is the result of the harmony of yin and yang in the body
• Mind Cultivation ,keep Optimistic and have a positive attitude, then, we can overcome obstacles or problems more easily
• Normal excretion the waste products of urine and stool provide a lot of information about the state of health balance in our body
• The basic principles of TCM dietary advice in the four seasons to keep harmony and balance of yin - yang

  Yang	Yin
  Spring - Warm & sweet foods	Autumn - Cool & sour foods
  Summer - Hot & pungent foods	Winter - Cold & bitter foods

• Herbs and functional foods used for medicinal prevention , Medicine and food function as supplements and complement each other. Functional food is rendered with medicinal properties, and the effects of medicine become stronger with the combination of food.

2. Please explain the therapeutic principles of TCM

Therapeutic methods in TCM can be classified as either internal or external treatments, each with specific methods.The goals of therapy are to alleviate symptoms and treat the causes of disease, strengthen the body's resistance to disease and eliminate pathogenic factors and give priority to disease prevention.The main therapeutic principles in TCM can be summarized as;

• Concentrating treatment on the root cause- treating the biao first in emergency cases , treating ben in less urgent cases , treating both root and branch simultaneously , contrary treatment(eq. using medicine of cold nature to treat pseudo-cold syndrome) , normal treatment (drugs of hot nature are used for cold syndromes)
  
• Strengthening healthy qi(nourishing therapy)and eliminating pathogenic factors(purgation therapy)
  
• Regulation of yin and yang - reducing excess , supplementing insufficiency ,eq. strengthening water source can control predominant yang
  
• Abidance by individuality, locality and seasons , eq. avoiding using cold-natured herbs in winter
  

Essential basic aspects of treatment of TCM

• When a deficiency exists, the energy should be tonified;
• When an excess exists, the energy should be reduced
• When too much heat is present, it should be expelled or cooled;
• When too much cold is present, it should be expelled or warmed
• When dampness is present, it should be expelled;
• When phlegm is present, it should be resolved

For example, when a condition of excess is apparent in the disharmony, the treatment focuses on reducing the excess and eliminating the factors that brought about the excess in the first place. If a condition of deficiency is apparent in the disharmony, the treatment focuses on tonifying the deficiency to ensure that energy is maintained at a healthy level



3. please explain the following case by your understanding of basic theory of TCM

Miss B 34 ages

Main synptoms : gradual development of menorrhea from delayed menorrhea , scanty menorrhea and light -colored menorrhea into amenorrhea,
bright-white complexion or sallow complexion , lusterless hair or loss hair, dizziness, blurred vision ,palpitation, shortness of breath , no desire to to speak , spiritual lassitude ,anorexia ,loose stool , light-color lips and tongue as well as thin and weak pulse

Diagonosis : Amenorrhea - qi and blood deficiency syndrome

-------> As menstrual disorders for a long time , it is in relation with the disorder functions of Liver , Spleen ,heart , kidney organs as follows

Heart qi is deficient - heart dominate blood and mind , if heart qi is deficient, blood cannot maintain an efficient flow in the blood vessels, and the pulse is weak. looks pale, and the tongue , lips also appears pale and white , palpitations ,spiritual lassitude

spleen qi is insufficient, there is inadequate production of qi and blood ,that cause anorexia , loose stool

liver - store and dispersing blood ,if liver yin deficiency fails to control liver yang , liver will hyper-function also consuming kidney yin(all source of yin)

kidney - yin deficiency , hair loss or other hair disorders can indicate a kidney deficiency or blood deficiency , further development could be impair yin affecting yang(kidney qi is the motive force of yang),

Treatment Principle:

1.Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency --- Nourish the Liver and Kidney Yin
2.Spleen and Kidney Yang Deficiency --- Strengthen the Spleen and warm the Kidney



4. Please explain the prevention methods of disease in your own culture

• Chinese massage promotes blood and qi flows
  

• Regular physical exercise , it is noted that many Chinese exercise regimes such as Qi gong or Tai chi , Ba duan jin of exercise
• Sleeping recharges the body, and is important in maintaining a balance of yin and yang within it
• A proper living environment can also promote health , feng sui most have big influence in our culture,we should choose to live in places with peaceful and secluded surroundings, fresh air, plenty of sunshine, excellent ventilation and moderate humidity.
• Look after our mental condition by maintaining a calm and peaceful mind, avoiding excess emotional frustration, enjoying hobbies, and invigorating the heart as well as the physical body
• Regular and balanced lifestyle

1) Remain a cheerful mood.
2) Avoid strenuous exercise or physical activities.
3) Don't overeat. Make sure to have enough sleep.
4) Abstain from smoking, alcohol, strong tea and coffee.
5) Those who are severely sick should lie in bed to rest.

The food and beverage we consume daily - whether it is of hot or cold properties - should be chosen according to a person's constitution and condition. Inappropriate intake will lead to extreme energy excess inside the body and disturb the yin- yang balance.

• Tonifying by herbs , Tonifying by acupuncture and moxibustion , Tonifying by sexual activities:

Regulate the function of the adrenal cortex
Enhance the immune system
Promote the function of the sex organs
Improve the renal system
Improve the respiratory system
Improve the digestive system
Regulate the nervous system
Improve the blood circulatory system
Improve the metabolism

Infectious disesae --- Final written exam on date Dec 7 2007

1.What is an infection disease?

• Any disease or illnesses caused by microbes, bacteria or viruses that can be transmitted from person to person or from organism to organism are called infectious disease

2.What is a virus? Describe the structure of a enveloped virus.

3.How do you classify bacteria according to shape?

It depending on shape they are classified as :

• Coccus (sphere) staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus (rod) salmonella typhi
• Spirillum (spiral) campylobacter jejuni

4.Give a short description of sexual and asexual reproduce in fungi.

• asexual reproduction: is the production of spores , spores are reproductive cells that are capable of growing into an individual organism.

• sexual reproduction: it involves the formation of a cell with two haploid nuclei called a dikaryotic cell , dikaryotic cells may be formed by the fusion of two different hyphae ,the two nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote and meiosis produces either four haploid nuclei or four haploid cells

5.Explain how entamoeba histolytica cause dysentery in humans.

• Cysts excreted in feces can be transmitted directly from hand to mouth or indirectly through fecally contaminated food and water
  

• Upon ingestion the cysts pass through the stomach and excyst in the lower portion of the small intestine. Excystation involves a disruption of the cyst wall and an ameba produces eight small uninucleated trophozoites. These immature trophozoites colonize the large intestine, especially the cecal and sigmoid rectal regions, where they feed on bacteria and cellular debris and undergo repeated rounds of binary fission. Entamoeba causes dysentery, (bloody diarrhea, intestinal pain and fever),some types of Salmonella, some types of Shigella, and Yersinia

6.Write a short note about anaerobic infections.

• An anaerobic infections is by bacteria (called anaerobes) which can't grow in the presence of oxygen , anaerobic bacteria can infect deep wounds , deep tissues and internal organs ,these infections are characterized by abscess formation , foul-smelling pus and tissue destruction.

7.What are Rickettsiae? Give an example of a disease caused by Rickettsiae.

• Rickettsiae are gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host.

• Rickettsiae are a diverse collection of intracellular Gram-negative bacteria found in ticks, fleas, mites and mammals. These pathogens cause infections that disseminate in the blood to many organs.

• Disease : Typhus (R. prowazekii ) , Rocky Mountain spotted fever(R. rickettsii)

8. How can cross infections occur in practice of acupuncture?

• Cross infections may be acquired by the practitioner as well as patients and the office personnel. They may be acquired directly - from contact between patient and practitioner. They may also be acquired by transfer – carried from one patient to another on the unwashed hands of the practitioner.

9.Explain three general modes of transmission of microoganism in the practice of acupuncture.

• Direct contact - disease is spread by direct touching ( body fluids of Hepatitis B patient)by the practitioner during treatment

• Blood borne - disease is spread by blood and blood products , when needles infected by HIV patients

• Airborne - disease is spread through air , enter the patient's skin through needle prick injury

10.What are 2 characteristics of a microorganism are responsible for its pathogenicity?

• Invasiveness - measure of the bacterium's ability to grow inside the host

• Toxigenicity - measure the capacity of the bacterium to produce toxins(chemical subatances) that cause damage to the host
  

11.List some viral and bacterial diseases that can be transmitted to normal hosts by acupuncture?

• Viral: Hepatitis B, HIV(AIDS)
• Bacterial: Syphilis, Eg Peritonitis , streptococcus pneumoniae(cause pnuemonia)